检测马疱疹病毒4型抗体间接ELISA方法的建立及应用简

In order to establish an indirect ELISA method for detection of equine herpesviruses type 4 （EHV4） antibody, the glycoprotein G （gG） protein with specific epitope worked as a detection antigen. After optimizing conditions, the indirect ELISA method was developed successfully，specificity and repeatability tests were determined. The result was that the EHV4 gG only reacted with antibodies against EHV4;but not with antibodies against EHV1; both the intro-batch and inter-batch variation coefficiencies were lower than 10%.Concordance of the indirect ELISA relative to commercial EHV1/4 antibody kit was above 90%.The results indicated that the indirect ELISA method could be used for the detection and epidemiological surveys of EHV4 infection.     

基因芯片技术检测5种马病毒

通过分子克隆技术获得马疱疹病毒1型(Equineherpesvirus1,EHV1)、马动脉炎病毒(Equinearteritisvirus,EAV)、马流感病毒(Equineinfluenzavirus,EIV)、马传染性贫血病毒(Equineinfectiousanaemiavirus,EIAV)和东部马脑脊髓炎病毒(East-ernequineencephalomyelitisvirus,EEEV)等5种病毒各一段高度保守的特异性基因片段,用芯片点样仪逐点分配到处理过的玻片上,制备成检测芯片。提取样品中的RNA,进行反转录和荧光标记后滴加到芯片上进行特异性杂交,对杂交结果进行扫描检测和计算机软件分析。结果显示,制备的基因芯片可同时检测和鉴别上述5种病毒,可检测到阳性杂交信号的最高稀释度为10-6的病毒液,约25个病毒DNA拷贝,但其它病毒材料未见红色荧光信号,证明了本方法的特异性。在进口马的隔离检疫期间,采集马鼻肺炎、马动脉炎中和抗体阳性但病毒分离阴性马匹的白细胞悬液,分别在EHV1和EAV位点处可检测到阳性杂交信号。证明基因芯片技术不但快速、准确和敏感,而且可同时进行多种病毒的检测。     

Penetrating injury at the thoracic inlet in a Paint‐Arab mare

A 12‐year‐old Paint‐Arab mare was admitted for evaluation of a penetrating chest laceration at the thoracic inlet. The left brachiocephalic muscle was transected and the recurrent laryngeal nerve was traumatised. Subsequent to the injury, the horse developed Horner's syndrome on the left side of the neck and face, Grade IV left laryngeal hemiplegia, dysphagia, cough and subcutaneous emphysema. The defect was closed in multiple layers. Antimicrobial and antiinflammatory therapy was instituted along with local wound care. The mare remained bright and responsive and the wound healed normally. The mare showed no signs of respiratory distress. Dysphagia and ptosis persisted at 30 days post trauma.     

The treatment of diarrhoea in the adult horse

The priority in treating the equine patient with acute diarrhoea is to stabilise the haemodynamic aberrations secondary to the fluid and electrolyte losses. Once this has been initiated and the patient is stabilised ancillary treatments may be beneficial. Besides the well established effects of NSAIDs and polymixin B on systemic inflammation, recent studies suggest that the use of DTOS to bind bacterial toxins and Saccharomyces boulardii to reduce the severity and duration of diarrhoea may be beneficial. The justification for using probiotic products is scant. There is no evidence to suggest that systemic use of antimicrobials benefits equine patients with colitis, with the exception of metronidazole in cases of clostridial diarrhoea. In light of their potentially detrimental effects, their use can, in the opinion of the authors, not be advocated. Better understanding of the pathways of systemic inflammation and more selective anti‐inflammatory drugs may be of great benefit in the future.     

Variability of resting endoscopic grading for assessment of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses

Reasons for performing study: The extent to which variability affects endoscopic grading of arytenoid cartilage movement is uncertain. Objective: To determine the observer and within horse variability of grading arytenoid cartilage movement in horses during resting endoscopic examination, using a 7‐grade system. Methods: Endoscopic recordings of the upper respiratory tract made at rest in 270 draught horses were reviewed independently by 2 veterinarians to assess interobserver variability when scoring horses' laryngeal function with a 7‐grade system. Grading was repeated by both examiners in 80 randomly selected recordings in order to assess intraobserver variability. In 120 horses, endoscopy was repeated after 24–48 h, with videos graded by both veterinarians to assess intrahorse variability. Results: The mean weighted κ statistic for concordance within examiners was 0.867, with a mean intraobserver agreement of 76.3%. The weighted κ statistic for concordance between the 2 examiners was 0.765, with an interobserver agreement of 63.1%. Of the horses receiving 2 endoscopic examinations, the same grade was assigned to 57.1% of horses at the second examination, when effects resulting from interobserver variability were removed. The mean weighted κ statistic for concordance between the grade assigned at first vs. second examinations was 0.588, indicating only moderate agreement. Conclusions and potential relevance: Intra‐ and interobserver reliability of resting endoscopic grading of arytenoid cartilage movement using a 7‐grade system was high when examinations were conducted by experienced veterinarians. However, there was moderate daily intrahorse variability, suggesting that results of resting endoscopic examinations performed on a single day should be interpreted with caution.     

Extra-adrenal paraganglioma of the equine orbit: six cases

At The Ohio State University from 1994–2006 six of seven horses evaluated for primary orbital disease were diagnosed with extra-adrenal paraganglioma (EAPG). The horses ranged in age from 14 to 24 years, with a mean of 16.8 years. Duration of clinical signs was 1.5 years to 5 years, with a mean of 2.8 years. Clinical signs varied, but all six had non-painful exophthalmus of the right eye. Five horses had complete ocular exams reported; three of five had decreased to absent vision, two of five had pale optic nerves, and in three of five, difficulty of retropulsion of the globe was noted. Diagnostic tests performed included complete blood count, serum profile, radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, true-cut biopsy, ocular examination, guttural pouch endoscopy, oral examination, and physical examination. Expulsive hemorrhage during orbital exenteration occurred in all horses. In five of six cases, tumor extension through the orbital foramen was apparent intra-operatively. Histopathologic appearance of all surgically removed tissues consisted of sheets of polygonal cells with abundant lightly granular cytoplasm, round nuclei with vesicular chromatin, and rare mitoses. Neoplastic cells were arranged into small groups separated by a fine fibrovascular stroma. All six cases were chromagranin positive on immunohistochemical staining. Follow-up ranged from six months to six years, with a mean of two years. Four of the five horses that recovered from surgery had no apparent tumor recurrence in 6–48 months.     

The use of amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction: a review and series of 58 equine clinical cases (2002–2008)

Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) is an effective clinical therapy for reconstruction of the ocular surface in human and veterinary patients. Amnion is avascular and strong, contains antiangiogenic and antiinflammatory properties and growth factors, and has properties that prevent or decrease fibrosis in healing tissue. Indications for its use are steadily growing and include grafting to replace diseased, missing or excised tissue, patching to support diseased tissue during the healing process and as a substrate for the expansion of epithelial cells for transplantation to the cornea. AMT through a combination of mechanical and biologic factors can preserve the integrity of the globe, optimize the visual outcome, and minimize scarring in severely diseased corneas.     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS OF DESMOPATHY OF THE COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS OF THE EQUINE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT

We report the use of a low-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system for the detection of desmopathy of the collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint and the long-term outcome. Twenty horses were studied and their medical records and MR images were reviewed retrospectively. Long-term follow-up information was obtained by telephonic questionnaires of owners, trainers, or referring veterinarians. Desmopathy of the medial collateral ligament (80%) and enthesopathy of the affected collateral ligament (80%) were common MR imaging features. Treatment consisted of stall rest followed by a rehabilitation period. Additional treatments included shoeing, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, application of a half limb or foot cast, and medication of the distal interphalangeal joint. Twelve (60%) horses returned to their previous level of exercise and maintained their previous level, whereas eight horses had a poor outcome. Low-field MR imaging in the standing patient can be used to detect collateral ligament desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint without a need for general anesthesia.     

Evaluation of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System? in Surgery for Laryngeal Hemiplegia in Heavy Draft Horses

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the canine cranial cruciate ligament repair system on laryngeal hemiplegia in heavy draft horses. Twenty-four heavy draft horses diagnosed with grade 4 laryngeal hemiplegia were allocated to either the prosthetic laryngoplasty (PL) group (n=14) or a canine cranial cruciate ligament repair system (CCCLRS) group (n=10). Right to left angle quotients (RLQs) of abductions of the arytenoid cartilages were endoscopically evaluated before and after surgery. Post-operative RLQs in the CCCLRS group were significantly lower than those of the PL group (P<0.01). The canine cranial cruciate ligament repair system was revealed to be a good surgical procedure for laryngeal hemiplegia in heavy draft horses.